The human oral cavity is colonized by a complex ecosystem of microorganisms. There are various beneficial and harmful bacteria present in the oral cavity. Beneficial bacteria have numerous and important functions, e.g., they produce various nutrients for their host, prevent infections, and modulate a normal immunological response. In order to achieve, restore, and maintain favorable balance in the ecosystem, the modification of the oral microbiota is necessary, for improved health outcomes. So, the introduction of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in a human diet could be beneficial. Probiotics are dietary supplements containing beneficial bacteria and yeast, whereas prebiotics are nondigestible dietary supplements that further stimulate the number and activities of probiotics to improve oral health. So, the combination of these two, probiotic and prebiotic, are regarded as “synbiotic.” Synbiotics are emerging as a captivating and desirable field in dentistry, which when consumed provides noninvasive treatment and thus improves the quality of life. This review article highlights the role of synbiotics in oral health and disease, as synbiotics can be considered a potential therapeutic and preventive strategy against various oral diseases.

Background: External cephalic version (ECV) is the first-line treatment in the management of uncomplicated breech presentation at term. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the success rate, factors associated with success, and obstetric outcome of ECV for breech presentation at term. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal interventional study of patients with breech presentation at term who underwent ECV at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 25.0 and a statistically significant association was determined using chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical data as appropriate. Multinomial logistic regression was computed to find factors independently associated with ECV success. A value of P was set at <0.05. Result: The success rate of ECV was 78.5% (62/79). There were no differences in the mean age, parity, and gestational age at ECV between the successful and the unsuccessful groups with P = 0.19, 0.79, and 0.36, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that parous women, women who did not complain of pain during the procedure, women who weighed 80 kg or less, and women with an estimated fetal weight of <3.5 kg were significantly associated with successful ECV. There was an increased risk of postterm pregnancy and induction of labor among women with successful ECV. There were no maternal or fetal complications associated with the procedure. Conclusion: ECV is safe and associated with a high success rate. It should be offered routinely to all eligible women with breech at term.

Background: There are burgeoning data on the beneficial and deleterious effects of religion on health, especially, mental health worldwide. This complex relationship between religious variables and outcome in patients with schizophrenia is yet to be robustly explored among Africans. This study aimed to determine the relationship between religious variables (i.e., religious coping and orientation) and outcome variables (e.g., disease severity and psychosocial functioning). Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study done at the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. A total of 422 outpatients who met the stringent criteria for schizophrenia were recruited into the study over a study period of 18 weeks. Standard instruments were used to measure religious coping (Brief Religious Coping-Brief—RCOPE), religious orientation (Religious Orientation Scale-Revised—ROS-R), disease severity (The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), and psychosocial functioning (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale). A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the religious variables that predicted disease severity and psychosocial functioning. Results: Religiosity and religious coping variables were not significant predictors of symptom severity among patients with schizophrenia. However, negative religious coping was a significant predictor of poor psychosocial functioning (t = −2.23, P = 0.02, β = −0.28), whereas high score in intrinsic religiosity was a predictor of good psychosocial functioning (t = 3.32, P = 0.001, β = 0.27). Conclusion: Findings from this study support the vast majority of research that suggests that religiosity and religious coping have diverse effects on clinical and functional outcomes.

Gout is a metabolic disease characterised by acute or chronic arthritis and deposition of monosodium urate crystals around joint, bones, soft tissue and kidneys. This is the case of a 51 year old man who re-presented with a nineteen year history of joint pains and five year history of multiple joint swellings. This followed his defaulting from follow up after an earlier presentation 16 years previously with acute gouty arthritis. Clinical evaluation revealed a middle aged man with multiple swellings over the hands, ankles, feet, elbows and knees. Serum uric acid was very elevated and radiographs revealed large tophi involving multiple joints. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound scan and renal function tests were normal. He was subsequently treated with medications and had significant improvement with clear regression of the size of the tophi. This case demonstrates that delayed treatment of gout or neglected gout over time can lead to tophaceous gouty arthritis.

We report a rare case of anorexia nervosa in a 20-year-old woman undergraduate of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The patient met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. The major reason for presentation was amenorrhea. A significant etiological factor in the patient was her belief that gaining weight was linked to the fact that weight while in a romantic relationship was linked to being sexually active. She received psychotherapy, and her diet was modified on an outpatient basis and she made an significant improvement.

Despite the high proportion of adipose tissues in the mature female breast, lipomas arising from the female breast are very rare lesions with a very small number being reported in the scientific literature. Giant lipomas measuring greater than 10 cm in diameter or weighing more than 1 kg are even rarer. Lipomas of the breast may mimic other breast lesions such as phyllodes tumor or mammary hyperplasia, and long neglected cases might also have significant skin changes from pressure mimicking malignancy and creating a diagnostic dilemma. Imaging studies are not usually diagnostic. Detailed clinical examination, followed by complete excision of the mass, can be both diagnostic and also serve as a treatment modality. We present a 50-year-old trader with an 8-year history of slowly growing and discomforting right breast mass with unclear preoperative diagnosis resolved at surgery and at histological examination.

Endodontic management of a permanent mandibular molar is challenging owing to its varied morphology and complexity of the roots and root canal system. A thorough knowledge of the root canal systems and their possible variations is of utmost importance in order to reduce the incidence of endodontic failures caused by missed canals, incomplete debridement, and obturation. The most common presentation of a permanent mandibular molar is one mesial root having two canals and one distal root having one or two canals. The present case report describes the diagnosis and nonsurgical endodontic management of a case of permanent mandibular molar having four roots, each having a single canal. Angled periapical radiograph along with cone-beam computed tomography was used for the identification of roots and root canal system.

Optic nerve injuries, though rare, pose a serious threat to vision irrespective of how mild they may appear. We present a case of a 19-year-old poly-traumatized female student who presented with a 2-h history of multiple soft and hard tissue facial injuries with loss of consciousness after a motor vehicular road traffic accident. The patient was admitted and was treated with a multidisciplinary management approach. A total afferent pupillary defect noticed on presentation and confirmed in follow-up examinations was the patient’s pointer to a left optic nerve transection. Total vision loss was confirmed in the left eye, with regain of consciousness and recovery.